The contribution of TMS–EEG coregistration in the exploration of the human cortical connectome

Recent developments in neuroscience have emphasised the importance of integrated distributed networks of brain areas for successful cognitive functioning. Our current understanding is that the brain has a modular organisation in which segregated networks supporting specialised processing are linked through a few long-range connections, ensuring processing integration. Although such architecture is structurally stable, it appears to be flexible in its functioning, enabling long-range connections to regulate the information flow and facilitate communication among the relevant modules, depending on the contingent cognitive demands. Here we show how insights brought by the coregistration of transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS–EEG) integrate and support recent models of functional brain architecture. Moreover, we will highlight the types of data that can be obtained through TMS–EEG, such as the timing of signal propagation, the excitatory/inhibitory nature of connections and causality. Last, we will discuss recent emerging applications of TMS–EEG in the study of brain disorders.     

浅色脂溢性角化症特殊皮肤镜表现一例

患者，女，57岁。躯干部白色丘疹3年。本例皮肤镜表现独特之处在偏振光浸润模式下与典型脂溢性角化病不同，由于色素减退，皮沟与皮嵴表现为浅褐色背景下放射状分布亮白色线状条纹，呈珊瑚样结构。     

陕西产重楼属种质资源的SCoT遗传多样性分析

目的对陕西产重楼属6个类群的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行分析。方法采用SCoT分子标记技术和非加权平均距离法(UPGMA)对陕西产重楼属6个类群48份样品进行遗传多样性和聚类分析。结果从82条SCoT引物中共筛选出12条多态性稳定、清晰的引物,48份重楼样品共扩增出152个DNA片段,多态性片段数为135,平均每个引物扩增出12.67个DNA片段,其多态性为88.82%;重楼属植物在物种水平上具有较高的遗传多样性,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.267 4,Shannon指数(I)平均值为0.404 1,居群间遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.517 9,种群间基因流(Nm)为0.465 4;6个类群重楼按遗传多样性水平排序为七叶一枝花宽叶重楼具柄重楼狭叶重楼宽瓣重楼北重楼,聚类分析可将北重楼组和其他重楼组区分开来,当遗传距离一定时,重楼属6个类群被完全区分开来。结论 SCoT分子标记可获得多态性丰富、清晰的条带扩增图谱,表明该技术可用于陕西产重楼属主要类群物种分子鉴定和亲缘关系研究,为筛选与药典收载种类近缘的可替代资源种类、指导合理利用地方种类自然资源提供了科学依据。     

Buzzing away the pain: Using an electric toothbrush for vibration anesthesia during painful procedures

Many dermatologic procedures are painful and traumatic, for both pediatric patients and providers alike. Vibration anesthesia has recently been discussed as an effective method for reducing pain associated with injections, but some vibration machines can be cost prohibitive for providers. We describe how to employ an electric toothbrush as an inexpensive and effective option to provide vibration anesthesia during painful pediatric procedures.     

论新时代医疗保险公法人治理体制的创新——基于多中心治理理论

本文基于多中心治理理论检视发现，现行的医疗保险运行机制存在基本医疗保险基金所有权与管理权分离、医疗保险政策改革只能"做加法"不能"做减法"，其他相关利益主体缺位、改革无法满足多方诉求，医保经办主体动力和能力不足等问题。这些问题不仅导致医疗保险制度的可持续性面临严峻挑战，而且与实现全民统一医疗保险制度的目标渐行渐远。因此，在新时代背景下，为了构建权责清晰、保障适度、可持续发展的医疗保险制度，本文提出创新医疗保险公法人治理体制，完善中国特色医疗保险治理体系，同时推进社会保险公法人治理机制的创新，促进政府、市场与社会之间的协同与配合，最终实现推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的伟大目标。     

Conceptual clarification of the playful engagement in social interaction of preschool-aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) demonstrate limited playfulness. Their difficulty engaging in meaningful interaction with others renders playful engagement in social interactions a challenge. Although little direct evidence exists regarding the promotion of these children’s playful engagement, links can be established with many traits cited in play and social interaction studies. This paper presents the results of a conceptual clarification exercise regarding the key behaviours associated with the construct of playful engagement in preschool-aged children with ASD. Behaviours were identified based on hallmark deficits in early social interactions and play of children with ASD. The analysis revealed the following behaviours: positive affect, engagement, imitation, joint attention, initiation of social interaction, social responsiveness, flexibility, child’s laughter in funny situations and giving and reading non-verbal cues. In conclusion, a conceptually coherent stage has been set for exploring the literature regarding interventions to promote the playful engagement of preschool-aged children with ASD.     

功能性构音障碍儿童智力结构分析

目的 了解功能性构音障碍儿童智力结构的发育情况,为其认知功能的全面康复探索依据。方法 选择2017年1—7月就诊于大连市儿童医院儿童保健科确诊为功能性构音障碍儿童与正常儿童各30例,分别进行Peabody图片词汇测验和0~6岁儿童神经心理发育量表测试。比较两组的言语智商和发育总商值及大运动、精细运动、适应能力、语言和社交行为能力的发育水平。结果 功能性构音障碍儿童精细动作和适应性行为、语言能力的发育均低于正常对照组(t=5.241、4.100、3.256,P<0.05)。大运动和社交行为发展与正常对照组一致(t=1.594、2.058,P>0.05)。其自身5项能力比较,精细动作和适应性行为的发展也落后于大运动和社交能力,差异具有统计学意义(t=-2.847、-2.794、-4.268、-2.398,P<0.05)。结论 功能性构音障碍儿童存在智力结构发展的不平衡,有必要尽早对其进行发育水平的评估以利于其全面、整体的康复。     

A Simple Computational Theory of General Collective Intelligence

Researchers have recently demonstrated that group performance across tasks tends to be correlated, motivating the use of a single metric for the general collective intelligence of groups akin to general intelligence metrics for individuals. High general collective intelligence is achieved when a group performs well across a wide variety of tasks. A number of factors have been shown to be predictive of general collective intelligence, but there is sparse formal theory explaining the presence of correlations across tasks, betraying a fundamental gap in our understanding of what general collective intelligence is measuring. Here, we formally argue that general collective intelligence arises from groups achieving commitment to group goals, accurate shared beliefs, and coordinated actions. We then argue for the existence of generic mechanisms that help groups achieve these cognitive alignment conditions. The presence or absence of such mechanisms can potentially explain observed correlations in group performance across tasks. Under our view, general collective intelligence can be conceived as measuring group performance on classes of tasks that have particular combinations of cognitive alignment requirements.